DEFNITION OF NEWS
News is a report of any current event, idea or problem which interest large number of people BUT it acquires different meanings and concepts in different political, economic and socio-cultural environment.
ELEMENTS OF NEWS
A News report must answer following questions:
WHO
WHAT
WHEN
WHERE
WHY
HOW
CREDIBILITY
Principles to be observed while reporting an event or editing news report
Accuracy
Fairness
Balance
Attribution
Objectivity
NEWSWORTHINESS
How to decide newsworthiness of an event, idea or problem (Evaluating information or any information package)
Audience
Impact
Proximity
Timeliness
Prominence (Size)
Context
Policy Parameters
Specific Informational Value
Unusualness
STRUCTURE OF A NEWS STORY
INTRO
EXPLANATORY DETAILS
DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ETC.
(In order of descending importance)
Various Types of Journalistic Writings
FACTS
ANALYSIS
VIEWS
Ø News item
Ø News Report
Ø News Analysis
Ø Interpretative Reporting
Ø Feature/Featured Reporting
Ø Interview
Ø Commentary
Ø Article
Ø Editorial
Ø Profile, Review, Review Article etc.
Functions of Media
Information
Education
Entertainment
Agenda Setting
Three streams of new media
News- “Page One” journalism
Entertainment – “Page Three” journalism
Education- “Page Seven journalism”
Emergence of infotainment
Commercialization of Media
News: Product
Media as a Profit making business venture
Reader/ Viewer/Listener as Consumer
Information +Entertainment
Combining Factors:
MARKET
INVESTORS
ADVERTISERS
MARKET DRIVEN MEDIA: some key elements
PRIMARY PURPOSE OF NEWS IS TO EMPOWER PUBLIC BY MAXIMIZING ITS UNDERSTANDING OF CURRENT ISSUES AND EVENTS THAT SHAPE ITS ENVIRONMENT. ONCE NEWS IS TREATED AS COMMODITY LOSE ITS INFORMATIONAL VALUE
Profit
Competition
Winning Audience Game
Entertainment becomes dominant replacing informational value of news which in turn might encourage ignorance at the Cost of UNDERSTANDING
MARKET JOURNALISM GATHERS AN AUDIENCE NOT TO INFORM BUT TO SELL IT TO ADVERTISERS. FEW POWERFUL CORPORATIONS WIN AND PUBLIC LOSES
-BEN BAGDIKIAN, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COUNTER POINT
MARKET CONTAINS ADEQUATE SAFEGUARDS AGANST ABUSE
-PHILIP MAYER, UNIV. OF NORHT, COROLINA
For citizens and information consumers, it is important to develop the skill of detecting bias: Concepts of “misinformed consumer” and “informed citizen” (Consumer and citizen are one and the same but role differs)
Dominant Models in Today’s Journalism
The Watchdog
CNN Effect
News Management
Thought control
Manufacturing Consent
Mutual Exploitation
Two Major Streams in Journalism
Episodic Journalism
Thematic Journalism
Ø Reporting Event: What was happening
Ø Reporting the process that goes into happening of the event
Ø Explain why it was happening
Role of News Media
How things work
How things are supposed to work
How things normally work
The investigative process
Ø Tip –Tipsters
Ø Formation of story idea
Ø Formulation of the problem
Ø Preliminary research feasibility study
Ø Plan of action-Synopsis
Ø Minimum and maximum story
Base building: The Spiral of Research
Ø Written sources
Ø Experts- the sources of knowledge
Ø Sources of experiences
Ø Reportage- Field trips- Observations
Ø Key interviews
Assessment and analysis
· Conclusions
· Outline of story
· Writing and revising
· Hand in before deadline
Objectivity and Bias
Bias is a small word that identifies the collective influences of the entire context of a message
Ø Human communication always takes place in a context
Ø Through a medium, and among individuals and groups
Ø Who are situated historically, politically, economically, and socially
Journalist attempts to be objective by two methods:
Ø Fairness to those concerned with the news
Ø A professional process of information gathering that seeks fairness, completeness, and accuracy
Critical questions for detecting bias
The media applies a narrative structure to ambiguous events in order to create a coherent and causal sense of events
Ø What is the author's / speaker's socio-political position?
Ø Does the speaker have anything to gain personally from delivering the message?
Ø Who is paying for the message? What is the bias of the medium? Who stands to gain?
Ø What sources does the speaker use, and how credible are they? Does the speaker cite statistics? If so, how and who data gathered the data? Are the data being presented fully?
Ø How does the speaker present arguments? Is the message one-sided, or does it include alternative points of view?
Ø If the message includes alternative points of view, how are those views characterized? Does the speaker use positive words and images to describe his/her point of view and negative words and images to describe other points of view?
Kinds of Biases
Commercial bias
Visual bias
Bad news bias
Narrative bias
Status Quo bias
Fairness bias
Glory bias
Dominant Models in Today’s Journalism
The Watchdog
CNN Effect
News Management
Thought control
Manufacturing Consent
Mutual Exploitation
courtesy amit jain
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